Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station

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For the nuclear power station in Trino Vercellese, Italy, see Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant (Italy).

Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station
The Fermi Station (NRC image)
Location of Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station
Country	United States
Location	Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan
Coordinates	41°57′46″N 83°15′27″WCoordinates: 41°57′46″N 83°15′27″W
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: 1957 Unit 2: January 23, 1988
Decommission date	Unit 1: September 22, 1972
Owner(s)	DTE Energy
Operator(s)	Detroit Edison
Architect(s)	Unit 2: Sargent & Lundy
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 1,122 MW (Unit 2)
Reactors planned	1 x 1,520 MW (2000s Unit 3)
Reactors decom.	1 x 94 MW (Unit 1)
Reactors cancelled	1 x 1,122 MW (1970s Unit 3)
Reactor type(s)	BWR (Unit 2)
Reactor supplier(s)	General Electric (Unit 2)
Power generation information
Annual generation	8,314 GW·h
As of 2008-11-19

The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power plant on the shore of Lake Erie near Monroe, in Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan. It is approximately halfway between Detroit, Michigan, and Toledo, Ohio. It is also visible from parts of Amherstburg andColchester, Ontario as well as on the shore of Lake Erie in Ottawa County, Ohio. Two units have been constructed on this site. The first unit's construction started in 1963, and the second unit reached criticality in 1988.

The plant is named after the Italian nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi, most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor as well as many other major contributions to nuclear physics. Fermi won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity.

On October 5, 1966 Fermi 1 suffered a partial fuel meltdown, although no radioactive material was released.^{[citation needed]}

On August 8, 2008, John McCain was taken on a 45-minute tour of the plant, becoming the first actively campaigning presidential candidate to visit a nuclear plant.^[1]

Contents   [hide]  1 Fermi 1 2 Fermi 2 3 Fermi 3 4 Ownership 5 Seismic risk 6 Reactor data 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

[edit]Fermi 1

The 94 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor Fermi 1 unit under construction and development at the site from 1957 to 1972. On October 5, 1966 Fermi 1 suffered a partial fuel meltdown. According to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, there was no abnormal radiation release to the environment.^[2]

The main cause of the temperature increase was a blockage in one of the spigots that allowed the flow of cooled liquid sodium into the reactor. The blockage caused an insufficient amount of coolant to enter; this was not noticed by the operators until the core temperature alarms sounded. Several fuel rod subassemblies reached high temperatures of around 700 °F (370 °C) (with an expected range near 580 °F, 304 °C), causing them to melt.^[2]

Following an extended shutdown that involved fuel replacement, repairs to vessel, and cleanup, Fermi 1 continued to operate intermittently until September 22, 1972, but was never again able to reach a fully operational state. It was officially decommissioned December 31, 1975. It is currently in SAFSTOR with a gradual "final" decommissioning in progress.^[2] There is some debate about whether the details of the accident as written in the book Fermi-1 New Age for Nuclear Power^[3] and published by the American Nuclear Society in 1979 are completely accurate. Several of the claims in the ANS's account are contradicted by certain parts of We Almost Lost Detroit, a book written by local Detroit newsman John Grant Fuller (subtitled "This Is Not A Novel").^[4]

[edit]Fermi 2

Fermi 2 is a 1,098 net MWe General Electric boiling water reactor owned by DTE Energy and operated by subsidiary Detroit Edison. It was opened in January 1988 and is currently in operation. ^[5]

On June 6, 2010 a weak tornado touched down and damaged the Fermi 2 generator building and forced an automatic shutdown. The tornados damaged electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure in the area leaving over 30,000 people without power in the area.^[6] The plant is connected to two single-circuit 345 kV Transmission Lines and 3 120 kV lines. They are operated and maintained by ITC Transmission.

[edit]Fermi 3

In September 2008, Detroit Edison filed an application with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for a Combined Construction and Operating License (COL) for a third reactor.^[7] The new unit is supposed to be built on the same site, slightly to the southwest of Fermi 2. The reactor design selected is the 1,520 MWe GE-designed passive Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR). Review of the 17,000-page application could take four years, after which construction could take six years. The cost is estimated at as much as 10 billion dollars.^[8] CEO Anthony Earley said that DTE's analysis "so far shows that nuclear power will, over the long term, be the most cost-effective baseload option for our customers, ... We expect nuclear to remain the low-cost option, but we will continue to evaluate nuclear against other resources and will commit to proceeding with construction only at the right time and at the right cost".^[9]

In March 2009, a coalition of citizen groups asked federal regulators to reject plans for Fermi 3, contending that it would pose a range of threats to public health and the environment. The groups have filed 14 contentions with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, claiming that a new plant would pose "radioactive, toxic and thermal impacts on Lake Erie's vulnerable western basin."^[10][11]

This proposed plant should not be confused with the original Fermi 3 project which was to be a companion unit identical to Fermi 2. The original Fermi 3 was ordered in 1972 and cancelled in 1974. See DOE data page 67 and WNA Fermi 3 data.

[edit]Ownership

The plant is operated by the Detroit Edison Company and owned (100 percent) by DTE Energy.

[edit]Seismic risk

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Fermi was 1 in 238,095, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.^[12][13]

[edit]Reactor data

The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station consist of one operational reactor, one closed unit and one additional is planned.

Reactor unit[14]	Reactor type	Capacity		Construction started	Electricity grid connection	Commercial operation	Shutdown
		Net	Gross
Enrico Fermi-1	FBR	61 MW	65 MW	01/08/1956	05/08/1966		11/29/1972
Enrico Fermi-2	BWR-4	1106 MW	1154 MW	09/26/1972	09/21/1986	01/23/1988
Enrico Fermi-3 (planned)[15]	ESBWR	1520 MW	MW

[edit]Notes

1. ^ NucNet. McCain Reiterates Support For Nuclear During Enrico Fermi Visit. August 8, 2008.
2. ^ ^a b c NRC "Fermi, Unit 1", NRC Website, 3 February 2011, accessed 17 March 2011.
3. ^ ISBN 0-89448-017-0
4. ^ Originally published 1975 by Reader's Digest Press, republished 1984 by Berkley, ISBN 0-425-06700-9
5. ^ NRC "Fermi, Unit 2", NRC Website, 13 January 2011, accessed 17 March 2011.
6. ^ Toledo On the Move News 6 June 2010
7. ^ "Fermi, Unit 3 Application". U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC). 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
8. ^ Lam, Tina (2008-09-19). "DTE applies for another nuclear plant".Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2008-09-19.^{[dead link]}
9. ^ Dolley, Steven (2008-09-18). "Detroit Edison files with NRC for license to build new nuke unit". Platts Nucleonics Week (McGraw-Hill). Retrieved 2008-09-19.
10. ^ Groups petition against new nuclear plant
11. ^ Fermi 3 opposition takes legal action to block new nuclear reactor
12. ^ Bill Dedman, "What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk," msnbc.com, March 17, 2011http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42103936/ Accessed April 19, 2011.
13. ^http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/NEWS/quake%20nrc%20risk%20estimates.pdf
14. ^ Power Reactor Information System of the IAEA: „United States of America: Nuclear Power Reactors- Alphabetic“
15. ^ Power Reactor Information System of the IAEA: „Nuclear Power Reactor Details - ENRICO FERMI-3“

[edit]References

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficientinline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2009)

• We Almost Lost Detroit, John G. Fuller, Ballantine Books, 1976

[edit]External links

 Media related to Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station at Wikimedia Commons

• Public Comments "Public Comments at the meeting re: FERMI 3 with the NRC. This includes youtube videos of speakers calling for an end to the new nuclear reactor project. Featured are a Professor from the U of M, Don't Waste Michigan members, Sierra Club members, and other concerned citizens."

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